An Alternative Perspective on the Changing Relationships between Fertility and Replacement Level in European Countries

This paper brings a new perspective to the population growth implications of low fertility levels European countries. For years between 2009 and 2018, whether constant fertility, mortality, net migration would generate long-run or decrease is indicated simply visually by comparison total rate (TFR) migration-adjusted replacement level. The results show that, when considered in combination with concurrent implication varies countries over time. Sweden, Luxembourg, Belgium, United Kingdom for all fertility–mortality–migration coherent growth. former two countries, be sustained at current even if were fall very levels. In contrast, every Eastern country year considered, unchanged lead decrease. need an alternative view terms TFR above below level context-specific view, as distinct from universal best desirability are discussed.